Propagation

• The Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) for a defined path is the highest frequency at which reflection can take place;  it is independent of transmitter power or antenna gain
• Frequencies above the MUF will pass through the ionised layer and not be reflected
• The longest signal path for a particular layer is obtained when the wave leaves the earth and approaches the layer at the most oblique angle possible for reflection
• Max range for single hop F2 layer propagation is about 4,000 km
• Max range for single hop E layer propagation is about 2,500 km
• Greater ranges are possible by multi hop propagation where signal is again reflected off ground or a lower layer

Course Guide Topics

1. Electric Field
2. Magnetic Field
3. Electromagnetic Field
4. Propagation Velocity
5. Signal Attenuation
6. Atmospheric Layers
7. Ionospheric Layers
8. Ionosphere – diagram
9. Layer Properties
10. Ground and Sky Waves
11. Skip Distance
12. MUF
13. LUF
14. Critical Frequency
15. Fading
16. Sunspots & Flares
17. Troposphere
18. VHF/UHF Propagation
19. Line of Sight Propagation
20. Diffraction