Propagation

• The Critical Frequency or Vertical Incidence is the highest frequency that will return to earth when beamed vertically upwards
• For the F2 layer the MUF is approximately three times the F2 critical frequency
• For the E layer the MUF is approximately five times the E critical frequency
• Critical Frequency is regularly measured by scientific stations

Course Guide Topics

1. Electric Field
2. Magnetic Field
3. Electromagnetic Field
4. Propagation Velocity
5. Signal Attenuation
6. Atmospheric Layers
7. Ionospheric Layers
8. Ionosphere – diagram
9. Layer Properties
10. Ground and Sky Waves
11. Skip Distance
12. MUF
13. LUF
14. Critical Frequency
15. Fading
16. Sunspots & Flares
17. Troposphere
18. VHF/UHF Propagation
19. Line of Sight Propagation
20. Diffraction